Which document serves as proof of the contract of carriage in international shipping?

The Bill of Lading is the correct answer because it functions as a primary document used in international shipping that provides proof of the contract of carriage between the shipper and the carrier. It serves multiple purposes: it acts as a receipt for the goods being transported, confirming that the carrier has received the cargo as described, and it also serves as a document of title, meaning it can be transferred to others, allowing for trade in the goods being transported.

Moreover, the Bill of Lading outlines the terms and conditions under which the goods are being transported, indicating the responsibilities and liabilities of both parties involved. This document is essential for customs clearance and is often required by banks when goods are shipped under letters of credit, reinforcing its importance in international trade logistics.

In contrast, while a Commercial Invoice documents the transaction between the buyer and seller, it doesn't serve as proof of the contract of carriage. Similarly, the Certificate of Origin certifies the origin of the goods, which is important for tariff applications but does not prove the contract of carriage. Lastly, the Freight Bill is an itemized bill for transportation services rendered but lacks the comprehensive contractual function of the Bill of Lading.